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The sympathetic nervous system

The autonomic nervous system (ANS) mediates actions that occur without voluntary control such as heart rate or blood pressure. It consists of both the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) and parasympathe...

Published: Oct 20 2023

Desflurane is a newer all fluorinated congener of isoflurane which has gained popularity as an anaesthetic for out patient surgery. Though it is highly volatile, a thermostatically heated special vapo...

Published: Oct 18 2023

Propofol is an intravenous anesthetic used for procedural sedation, during monitored anesthesia care, or as an induction agent for general anesthesia. Currently, propofol has superseded thiopentone as...

Published: Oct 18 2023

Skeletal muscle relaxants

Skeletal muscle relaxants are drugs that act peripherally at neuromuscular junction/muscle fibre itself or centrally in the cerebrospinal axis to cause paralysis or reduce muscle tone. The neuromuscul...

Published: Oct 18 2023

The cerebrum is the largest part of the brain, located superiorly and anteriorly in relation to the brainstem. Its large size is the result of a progressive centralization (telencephalization) of the ...

Published: Oct 18 2023

Blood transfusions reaction

Blood transfusions are one of the most common procedures for patients in the hospital. Transfusion reactions are the most frequent adverse event associated with administration of blood products. Any ...

Published: Oct 18 2023

The parasympathetic nervous systems

The parasympathetic nervous system (PNS) is one of the two functionally distinct and continuously active divisions of the autonomic nervous system (ANS). It is in opposition to the other, the sympathe...

Published: Oct 17 2023

The midbrain is the upper and shortest part of the brainstem. It is about 2.5 cm long and 2.5 cm wide. It connects the hindbrain with the forebrain. Its cavity, the cerebral aqueduct (aqueduct of Sylv...

Published: Oct 17 2023

The spinal cord

The spinal cord is the lower elongated part of the central nervous system (CNS). It is cylindrical in shape, slightly flattened anteroposteriorly and occupies the upper two-third of the vertebral cana...

Published: Oct 17 2023

Blood supply of brain

The brain is supplied by the paired internal carotid and vertebral arteries via an extensive system of branches. The two vertebral arteries unite at the lower border of the pons to form the basilar ar...

Published: Oct 17 2023

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