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Scoliosis is a three-dimensional deformity of the spine and trunk which includes lateral deviation, rotation, and a disturbance of the sagittal profile. Any part of the thoraco-lumbar spine may be af...

Published: Oct 21 2023

The term kyphosis is used to describe the spinal curve that results in an abnormally rounded back. Kyphosis can occur at any age. Although kyphosis is idiopathic, there is evidence to suggest that S...

Published: Oct 21 2023

Spondylolisthesis

Spondylolisthesis is a condition in which a bone (vertebra) in the spine moves forward out of the proper position onto the bone below it. Normally, forward displacement of a vertebral body is prevent...

Published: Oct 21 2023

Valproate and lithium have been widely used as first line drugs for treatment of mania as well as for prophylaxis of bipolar mood disorder. Although its mechanism of action is not clearly understoo...

Published: Oct 21 2023

The pancreas is an extended, accessory digestive gland that is found retroperitoneally, crossing the bodies of the L1 and L2 vertebrae on the posterior abdominal wall. The pancreas lies transversely i...

Published: Oct 21 2023

Nitrous oxide is a good analgesic; even 20% produces analgesia equivalent to that produced by conventional doses of morphine. Muscle relaxation is minimal. Neuromuscular blockers are mostly required. ...

Published: Oct 20 2023

PHARMACOKINETICS OF INHALATIONAL ANAESTHETICS

Inhalational anaesthetics are gases or vapours that diffuse rapidly across pulmonary alveoli and tissue barriers. The depth of anaesthesia depends on the potency of the agent (MAC is an index of poten...

Published: Oct 20 2023

General anaesthetics

General anaesthetics (GAs) are drugs which produce reversible loss of all sensation and consciousness. The cardinal features of general anaesthesia are: Loss of all sensation, especially pain, Sleep (...

Published: Oct 20 2023

Ether is a potent anaesthetic, produces good analgesia and marked muscle relaxation by reducing ACh output from motor nerve endings. The dose of competitive neuromuscular blockers should be reduced to...

Published: Oct 20 2023

Halothane a volatile liquid with sweet odour, nonirritant and noninflammable. Solubility in blood is moderate induction is reasonably quick and pleasant. Halothane, sold under the brand name Fluothane...

Published: Oct 20 2023

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